2023年盘点丨先天性脊柱侧凸的治疗进展

2024-01-19    点击量:429 我要说

时光荏苒,岁月如梭。转眼间,我们告别了充满变革与挑战的2023年。在先天性脊柱侧凸领域里,医疗和学术拓展仍在不断进步,涌现出较多高质量临床及基础研究,我们通过PubMed对过去一年的热点文章进行检索,涵盖领域内顶级期刊 (Journal of bone and joint surgery(am),The Spine Journal,Spine, European Spine Journal, Journal of Neurosurgery:Spine, Neurospine,Journal of pediatric orthopaedics),从发表杂志、发表地区、文章主题、研究设计等几个维度进行盘点。同时,我们回顾2023年关于先天性脊柱侧凸的相关专家共识。希望广大同道能从本年度回顾的高质量文献中得到启发,推进自己临床及科研工作的发展,所谓贝海拾遗,难免偏颇不足,谨期读者包涵指正。

一、各杂志发表的先天性脊柱侧凸主题文章概况

经过人工筛选查,发表的关于先天性脊柱侧凸主题文章共43篇,其中JB&JS杂志4篇,The spine journal 杂志3篇,Spine杂志3篇,European Spine journal杂志12篇,Journal of Neurosurgery:Spine杂志3篇,Neurospine杂志2篇,Journal of pediatric orthopaedics杂志16篇,如图1所示。

二、发表国家分布


文章第一/通讯作者来自的国家分布图2所示。其中排名前10位的国家分别为:中国(16),美国(12),日本(5),西班牙(2),法国(2),爱尔兰(2),土耳其(1),以色列(1),荷兰(1)

中国脊柱畸形人群数量庞大,且先天性脊柱侧凸患者比例高。本年度中国学者发表的文章数量最多,其中医学中心包括北京协和医院(7),南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院(3),首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院(2),首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院(2),西安市红会医院(1)及四川大学华西医院(1)。内容涵盖先天性侧凸的合并畸形、生长棒技术、半椎体切除短节段融合固定、生长棒技术联合顶椎控制技术、重度先天性脊柱侧凸肺功能、脊柱发育、并发症及脊髓电生理信号改变等。

美国对于先天性脊柱侧凸的治疗手段丰富、开展研究较早,因此对本领域持续做出较大贡献,研究内容涵盖先天性脊柱侧凸进展的自然史评估,EOS的磁控生长棒技术治疗,传统生长棒毕业策略,生长棒治疗并发症、儿童畸形术中抗生素应用及各类生长友好型手术治疗后体内金属元素水平等。

日本及欧洲学者也深入探究本领域理论基础,并提出创新的研究思路和方法,其中日本学者采用动物模型探究先天性脊柱侧凸分子遗传学特征,并探索先天性脊柱后凸钙感知和信号传导通路的变化。欧洲学者报道了半椎体切除联合短节段融合固定的长期随访,磁控生长棒的毕业研究,磁控生长棒治疗毕业后患者血清金属离子水平,生长棒毕业患者的心理健康评估等。

三、 研究方向分析

临床研究仍然是本领域重点突破对象,占到所有研究的95%。一期半椎体切除联合短节段融合固定及生长友好型手术是治疗先天性脊柱侧凸的重要手术方式,本年度共有6篇报道半椎体切除联合短节段融合固定的临床随访研究。生长友好型治疗手段仍然是现阶段报道的热点,共16篇涉及该治疗方式。随着近十几年来的治疗经验,生长棒技术,磁控生长棒技术的首批患者满足骨骼发育成熟,因此“毕业”研究成为近年来的重点。此外,顶椎控制技术包括顶椎凸侧限制钉技术、Shilla技术、顶椎区域截骨技术(Hybrid)技术的应用比例也逐步上升。其他受关注的方向包括:分子遗传学、自然史进展、支具治疗、牵引治疗、CS合并畸形、肺功能、手术导航、置钉并发症、脊髓电生理信号、金属离子水平、抗生素应用等。

四、 研究类型

从研究设计角度来说,绝大多数的临床研究为回顾性队列研究和病例对照研究(92%),前瞻性队列研究和随机对照试验占少数(8%)。单中心研究占79%,多中心研究仅占21%,且所有多中心研究均开展于欧美国家。在临床中开展随机对照试验研究难度较高,但我国临床中心众多,早发性脊柱侧凸患者群体数量庞大,日后需加强多中心合作,提高临床研究质量。

表4-研究类型


五、专家共识及十大代表性研究
半椎体所致先天性脊柱侧凸评估与治疗中国专家共识

半椎体是导致先天性脊柱侧凸最常见的病因,若未得到及时、合理诊疗,会给患儿带来严重损害。对半椎体所致先天性脊柱侧凸的自然史、评估和治疗方法的充分理解对于治疗至关重要。中华预防医学会脊柱疾病预防与控制委员会脊柱畸形学组就此领域,由北京协和医院仉建国教授牵头,经全国脊柱外科专家组多次讨论,在循证医学的基础上,针对半椎体所致先天性脊柱侧凸的自然史、评估及治疗方法达成共识,供广大脊柱外科医师在临床工作中参考和应用。

半椎体所致先天性脊柱侧凸围手术期护理中国专家共识
先天性脊柱侧凸是目前我国最常见的早发性脊柱侧凸。作为形成障碍型的一种,半椎体是先天性脊柱侧凸最常见的病因。半椎体所致的、保守治疗无效的进展性畸形需手术治疗。与其他类型的早发性脊柱侧凸相比,半椎体所致的先天性脊柱侧凸的手术治疗、围手术期护理具有其独特性。为进一步规范半椎体所致先天性脊柱侧凸的围手术期护理,中华护理学会骨科护理专业委员会就此领域,由北京协和医院陈亚萍护士长牵头,经全国护理专家组多次讨论,在循证医学的基础上,针对半椎体所致先天性脊柱侧凸围手术期护理达成本共识,供广大护理工作者在临床工作以及研究中参考和应用。

1. Wang S, Zhao Y, Du Y, Yang Y, Lin G, Shen J, Zhao Y, Wu N, Zhuang Q, Zhang J. Dual Growing Rods and the Apical Control Technique for Treating Congenital Early-Onset Scoliosis: Lessons Learned. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2023 Dec 19.

来自北京协和医院仉建国主任团队的王升儒教授首次介绍了顶椎截骨联合传统生长棒技术(Hybrid技术)对于早发型先天性脊柱侧凸治疗的毕业研究。研究显示相较于传统的生长棒技术,Hybrid技术对于严重、僵硬的早发型先天性脊柱侧凸患者可获得更好的三维畸形矫正,恢复凸侧胸廓容积,降低并发症的发生,减少最终融合手术的需要,同时对脊柱生长无明显负面影响。

igs. 4-A through 4-I A female patient who underwent an ACT-TDGR surgical procedure to treat a thoracic congenital deformity. Figs. 4-A, 4-B, 4-C, and 4-F She had multiple failures of formation and segmentation in the thoracic segment, with a large apical vertebral translation and apical vertebral rotation that restricted the convex hemithoracic volume. Figs. 4-D and 4-E She underwent the ACT-TDGR index surgical procedure at 8 years of age, and 7 subsequent lengthening procedures were performed at regular intervals. Fig. 4-G When she was 14 years of age (Risser 4, triradiate cartilage closed), a decision for graduation followed by observation was made. The computed tomographic scan showed that the apical vertebral rotation had been decreased at the apical segment and the convex hemithoracic volume had improved. Figs. 4-H and 4-I The mean predicted FEV1 was 73.2% and the mean predicted FVC was 70.7%. The radiographs confirmed good deformity correction and a T1-T12 height gain of 6.3 cm.

2. Wang Y, Hai Y, Kang N, Yang J, Su Q, Liu Y, Guan L, Meng X. Long-Term Radiographic and Pulmonary Function Outcomes After Dual Growing-Rod Treatment for Severe Early-Onset Scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2023 Jun 21;105(12):915-923.

首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院海涌教授团队王云生主治医师对双生长棒治疗的重度早发性脊柱侧凸患者进行5年以上的长期随访研究,揭示了这类患者治疗后影像学和肺功能指标的转归和变化规律。研究结果显示,双生长棒对于重度早发型脊柱侧凸患者治疗随访中患者脊柱纵向生长和矫形得到良好的维持,脊柱畸形的矫正为患者肺功能的改善提供了有利条件,使这类患者远期肺功能的改善成为可能。

3. Wu N, Liu L, Zhang Y, Wang L, Wang S, Zhao S, Li G, Yang Y, Lin G, Shen J, Wu Z, Qiu G, Zhang TJ. Retrospective Analysis of Associated Anomalies in 636 Patients with Operatively Treated Congenital Scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2023 Apr 5;105(7):537-548.

北京协和医院仉建国主任团队的吴南教授揭示先天性脊柱侧凸伴随多系统异常的患病率和分布情况。招募2012年1月至2019年7月在北京协和医院接受脊柱侧凸矫正手术的636名中国先天性脊柱侧凸患者,结果显示先天性脊柱侧凸相关的合并症发生率为55%,且先天性脊柱侧凸合并心脏异常患者的肺功能降低,表现为FEV1、FVC和PEF较低。先天性脊柱侧凸伴随的多系统异常揭示了全面的术前评估方案的重要性。

Forest plot showing the relative risk (RR) for combinations of anomalies in patients with congenital scoliosis in the present study. The rectangles indicate the RRs, and the horizontal lines indicate the 95% CIs.

4. Samadov F, Ozdemir HM, Talmac MA, Erinc S, Cakirturk S, Cengiz B. Traditional versus magnetically controlled growing rods in early onset scoliosis surgical treatment. Eur Spine J. 2023 Mar;32(3):889-898.

Acibadem Kayseri医院骨科和创伤中心Samadov F教授对比传统生长棒(TDR)及磁控生长棒(MCGR)治疗早发型脊柱侧凸的临床疗效。结果显示TDG在冠状位及矢状位的矫形效果上优于MCGR,且并发症的发生率较低。MCGR的最大优势是撑开操作无需手术,但仍然需要优化手术以提高矫形效果,降低并发症的发生。


5. Mainard N, Saghbini E, Langlais T, Metaizeau JD, Choufani E, Cunin V, Gouron R, Journeau P, Ilharreborde B, Lefevre Y, Vialle R, Fron D, Canavese F. Clinical and radiographic evolution of graduate patients treated with magnetically controlled growing rods: results of a French multicentre study of 90 patients. Eur Spine J. 2023 Jul;32(7):2558-2573

Mainard N教授联合10家法国医院开展多中心临床研究,共纳入90例磁控生长棒治疗的早发型脊柱侧凸患者,对毕业时的影像学资料、临床疗效及并发症进行分析。结果显示MCGR可有效减少手术次数,逐步改善脊柱侧凸畸形,毕业时胸段脊柱高度满意,但代价是较高的并发症发生率。


Patient, nonwalking, with thoracic and lumbar EOS secondary to neonatal encephalitis. A Before implantation of MCGRs (t1), the main and secondary curve were 89° and 62°. B Implantation of MCGRs (t2) resulted in an improvement in main and secondary curve of 29° and 13°. C At the end of lengthening (t3), the patient had undergone 10 lengthening procedures for a total lengthening of 45 mm. The curvatures slowly progressed from t2 to t3 from 60° to 67° for the primary curve and from 49° to 54° for the secondary curve. D At the last follow-up (t4), 36 months after final fusion, the primary curvature was 45° and the secondary curvature was 47°

6. Wu N, Liu L, Chen G, Wang S, Yang Y, Wu Z, Zhang TJ. The effect of pedicle screw instrumentation at a young age on upper thoracic vertebra and canal development. Spine J. 2023 Sep;23(9):1358-1364
北京协和医院仉建国主任团队的吴南教授分析5岁以下儿童上胸段椎弓根螺钉置入椎体及椎管发育的影响。结论显示置钉节段与非置钉节段椎弓根长度、椎体直径及椎管参数无差异性,提示上胸椎椎弓根螺钉内固定不会对5岁以下儿童椎体和椎管的发育产生负面影响。

Fig. 2. Demonstration of measurements performed on the preoperative (left) and final follow-up (right) computed tomographic images of a patient. Pedicle length (PL) and anterior-posterior vertebral body length (VAP). Anterior-posterior (SCAP) and interpedicular (CLAT) diameters of the spinal canal.

7. Faust M, Allahabadi S, Louer C, Sponseller P, Strum P, Boachie-Adjei O, Oetgen M, Swarup I; Pediatric Spine Study Group. Intraoperative Antibiotic Use in Patients With Early-onset Scoliosis: Current Practices and Trends. J Pediatr Orthop. 2023 Jul 1;43(6):373-378

Pediatric Spine Study Group的Faust M教授对早发型脊柱侧凸接受生长友好型手术的患者开展多中心临床研究,共纳入562例患者,对术中抗生素的应用现况进行回顾。结果显示,55.2%患者初次手术时单用头孢唑林,20.1%患者联合头孢唑林及氨基糖苷类药物。58.2%患者切口局部应用抗生素,最常用的是万古霉素粉末。在早发型脊柱侧凸抗生素最优应用准则(Best Practice Guidelines,BPGs)发表前,抗生素的应用存在多样化和异质性。

8. Zhao Y, Du Y, Yang Y, Lin G, Shen J, Wu N, Zhuang Q, Wang S, Zhang J. Dual Growing Rods Combined With the Apical Convex Control Pedicle Screw Technique Versus Traditional Dual Growing Rods for the Surgical Treatment of Early-Onset Scoliosis: A Case-Matched 2-Year Study. Neurosurgery. 2023 Aug 1;93(2):436-444

北京协和医院仉建国主任团队的赵钇伟医师设计病例匹配研究,对比传统生长棒技术及顶椎限制钉联合生长棒治疗的2年随访报道,结果显示限制钉组矫形组在冠状面及旋转畸形矫正效果更好,脊柱生长、并发症等无统计学差异性,提示该方法可以作为顶椎区域尚存在活动度(NMS,NF-1,IS等)早发型脊柱侧凸的补充治疗手段。

9. Yildiz Mİ, Goker B, Demirsöz T, Aslan C, Demirkiran HG, Karahan S, Yazici MK, Yazici M. A Comprehensive Assessment of Psychosocial Well-being Among Growing Rod Graduates: A Preliminary Investigation. J Pediatr Orthop. 2023 Feb 1;43(2):76-82.

土耳其的Yildiz Mİ教授关注传统生长棒治疗EOS患者的心理健康状况。生长棒治疗是一个漫长的过程,在这个过程中,患者会经历身体及心理上的困难,反复的撑开手术可能对患者造成心理健康上的负担。本研究首次评估EOS患者毕业后的神经病理、神经认知及社会心理方面功能的心理健康状况,结果显示尽管手术能改善脊柱畸形,但部分患者仍面临着较大的心理健康问题。

10. Alberghina F, McManus R, Keogh C, Turner H, Moore D, Noël J, Kennedy J, Kiely P. The Evaluation of Serum Metal Ion Levels and Metallosis in Graduated Patients With Magnetically Controlled Growing Rods. J Pediatr Orthop. 2024 Jan 1;44(1):43-48

内固定植入后对患者全身及局部造成金属碎屑已经引起脊柱外科医生的广泛关注。爱尔兰的Alberghina F教授评估磁控生长棒治疗毕业后患者体内的血清金属离子水平及局部金属碎屑的相关变化。结果显示,在MCGR治疗完成时,大多数患者表现出血清金属离子水平升高和局部金属碎屑相关的植入物周围软组织改变。

小结

先天性脊柱侧凸的治疗一直是脊柱矫形医生面临的巨大难题,患者往往伴有严重的脊柱畸形,同时合并心肺功能障碍,在治疗上不但需要考虑畸形的矫正,同时也需要考虑患者的生长发育。目前对于先天性早发性脊柱侧凸的患者的治疗涌现出较多创新、有效的手段,但仍然没有一种完美的技术可以解决这一难题。因此,我们只有砥砺前行,结合自身实践深度探索,紧跟时代前沿,才能有望取得进一步突破,更好的为患者带来福音。

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作者简介

仉建国

北京协和医院骨科主任,主任医师,教授,博士研究生导师。目前已完成4000余例脊柱矫形手术,其治疗的患者构成了世界上最大的单中心半椎体切除病例数据库,在全世界首次提出截骨联合生长棒技术治疗重度早发性脊柱侧凸。在《Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery》、《Spine》、《European Spine Journal》和《Spine Journal》等杂志共发表论文40余篇。参与创立特发性脊柱侧凸协和分型(PUMC分型),2005年获得国家科技进步二等奖。在后路半椎体切除及先天性脊柱侧凸的治疗方面,曾多次在IMAST、SRS和ICEOS等国际会议上做大会发言。

中华医学会骨科学分会委员兼脊柱外科学组委员;中华预防医学会脊柱疾病预防控制委员会副主任委员兼脊柱畸形学组组长;中国医师协会骨科医师分会委员兼副总干事、脊柱学组副组长、脊柱畸形学组副组长;中国医师协会住院医师规范化培训骨科专业委员会总干事;中国康复医学会脊柱脊髓专业委员会副主任委员;中国康复医学会骨质疏松预防与康复专业委员会副主任委员;北京医学会骨科学分会副主任委员;北京医师协会骨科医师分会副主任委员;SRS(Scoliosis Research Society)会员;GSSG(Growing Spine Study Group)会员。

科技奖励

2005年北京市科学技术奖二等奖;2019年全国妇幼健康科学技术奖一等奖;2020中华医学科技奖青年科技奖;2021年中国康复医学会科学技术奖一等奖;中国21世纪重要医学成就;2022中华医学科技奖三等奖;2022北京市科学技术奖二等奖;2023中国妇幼健康科学技术奖一等奖。

王升儒

北京协和医院骨科副主任医师,硕士研究生导师。针对脊柱畸形的治疗在国内外骨科以及脊柱外科顶级期刊如《Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery(AM)》,《Neurosurgery》,《Spine》,《European Spine Journal》 发表论文10余篇。在开展临床治疗以及科研工作的同时,针对脊柱畸形的病因学研究积极开展基础科研工作,目前作为第一负责人承担国家级课题1项,北京市自然科学基金项目2项,中央高校基本科研经费1项;2021年获中华医学科技奖。

北京协和医院骨科脊柱畸形治疗专业组组长;北京协和医院脊柱畸形大数据研究与应用重点实验室副主任。中华预防医学会脊柱疾病预防与控制专业委员会委员、脊柱畸形学组委员;中国医师协会骨科医师分会青年学组委员、小儿脊柱学组委员;中国医师协会毕业后医学教育骨科专业委员会脊柱分委会委员;中国医疗保健国际交流促进会脊柱医学分会秘书长;中国康复医学会骨与关节康复专业委员会脊柱畸形学组常务委员;中国研究型医院学会脊髓脊柱专业委员会常务委员;中国研究型医院学会脊柱外科专业委员会脊柱畸形学组委员;北京医学会骨科学分会青年委员;中国脊柱畸形青联会副主任委员;中国骨科菁英会会员;AO spine青年讲师。

作者:仉建国 王升儒

单位:北京协和医院

声明:此文内容及图片由供稿单位提供,仅供学习交流,不代表骨科在线观点。


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