Relevant articles, reviews, and case reports were identified through a PubMed/MEDLINE search of Englishlanguage articles published between 1990 and March 2011. The search strategy included the terms ‘‘osteoporosis,’’ “osteoporosis treatment,’’ ‘‘bisphosphonate’’ (‘‘alendronate,’’ ‘‘risedronate,’’ ‘‘zoledronic acid,’’ “ibandronate,’’ ‘‘pamidronate,’’ and ‘‘icandronate’’), ‘‘denosumab,’’ “SERMs’’ (‘‘raloxifene,’’ ‘‘bazodoxifene,’’ and ‘‘lasofoxifene’’), ‘‘strontium ranelate,’’ ‘‘teriparatide,’’ “PTH,’’ ‘‘sclerostin antibody,’’ ‘‘DKK1 antibody,’’ ‘‘bone morphogenetic protein,’’ ‘‘fracture healing,’’ ‘‘fracture union,’’ ‘‘bone repair,’’ ‘‘osseous regeneration,’’ ‘‘osseous wound healing,’’ and ‘‘osseointegration.’’ Separate subsearches were also performed using a cross-search of the above terms combined as well as the reference lists of the selected articles. Overall, 330 articles were detected, 71 of which were selected by the authors for inclusion in this review.